Top 10 Gynaecologists in Dubai*
Samantha Dumas • October 11, 2022 • 5 min read
*According to Patient Feedback
“Who are the best gynaecologists in Dubai? Can anyone recommend an OBGYN?”
You asked us and we turned the question back to you.
We have compiled the top 10 gynaecologists in Dubai, based only on real patient recommendations, experience and feedback. No healthcare professionals were questioned.
Gathered from exemplary recommendations across Dubai social media forums, these top 10 gynaecologists in Dubai not only have a wealth of clinical expertise in their field, they also stand out for the overwhelmingly positive comments from their patients.
Dr Salma Ballal, Consultant Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Genesis Healthcare Center
Having delivered well over 1000 babies, Dr Salma Ballal has extensive experience in managing normal and complex pregnancies and deliveries.
Dr Salma trained in obstetrics and gynaecology with the UK’s NHS where she developed a strong interest in maternal medicine, high-risk pregnancies, and labour care. She completed advanced maternal medicine and labour ward practice training with the Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (RCOG) before moving to Dubai in 2014. Dr Salma was most recently at Mediclinic Parkview hospital before joining the Genesis Healthcare Center team.
Dr Salma believes in open communication with her patients and that “women should be kept informed through every step of what is the most amazing experience in any woman’s life.” She also offers pre-pregnancy counselling to patients with complicated or traumatic pregnancy history.
Patients describe Dr Salma as “refreshingly honest”, and “very safe hands”, saying she “totally respected my wishes”.
Dr Esra Majid, Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist, Kings’ College Hospital Dubai
Based in Dubai since 2016, Dr Esra has built a reputation for her management of high-risk pregnancies and gynaecological conditions. She worked at Al Zahra Hospital Dubai, where she regularly received excellent feedback from her patients, before moving to King’s College Hospital Dubai.
At Kings’ College Hospital Dubai Dr Esra “performs major surgical procedures, follow up of high-risk pregnancies and deliveries, along with natural and water births.”
Dr Esra qualified in Baghdad and went on to complete her Board Certificate in Obstetrics and Gynaecology in Sweden. She worked at the teaching hospital Sundsvall County Hospital and as a specialist at Sodra Alv Bord Hospital in Gothenburg before moving to Dubai.
Patients have praised Dr Esra for her expertise and skill, describing her as “straight to the point, warm and approachable.”
Dr Vibha Sharma, Specialist Gynaecologist, Prime Medical Center
Working in Dubai since 2004, Dr Vibha is known for her commitment to supporting women with a range of gynaecological and women’s health problems. In the UAE she worked at Ministry of Health and Tertiary Care hospitals prior to joining Prime Medical Center.
Dr Vibha specialises in areas of women’s health requiring specialist gynaecological expertise.
Qualified in India at Jammu Medical College, Dr Vibha went on to do her post-graduate at King George’s Medical College in Lucknow. She worked at Queen Mary’s Hospital Lucknow and Willingdon and Batra Hospitals and Research Centre in New Delhi before moving to the Middle East.
Patients have described Dr Vibha as “consistent”, “approachable”, and “professional”.
Dr Aisha Alzouebi, Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist, Mediclinic Parkview Hospital
Dr Aisha Alzouebi has more than 15 years of experience in obstetrics and gynaecology in the UK and the UAE, with specialist expertise in “early pregnancy, management of complications in early pregnancy, family planning and sexual health, benign open and laparoscopic surgery and hysteroscopy.”
A member of the UK’s Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG), Dr Aisha attended medical school at Sheffield University and completed her Masters in Surgical Education at Imperial College London.
Patient social media feedback on Dr Aisha said, “she was brilliant”, “I would highly recommend her”, “Dr Aisha is great”.
Dr Reeja Mary Abraham, Specialist in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medcare Women and Children Hospital
A specialist in high-risk pregnancies, Dr Reeja takes an “evidence-based” approach to complex and low risk gynaecological issues. Dr Reeja is based at Medcare Women and Children Hospital, where she also “performs and assists in major and minor gynaecological procedures”.
A member of the Indian Medical Association (IMA) and the Kerala Federation of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (KFOG), Dr Reeja began her medical career at Christian Fellowship Hospital in Oddanchatram, Tamil Nadu and worked in hospitals in Kerala and Tamil Nadu before moving to Dubai to work at Medcare Women and Children Hospital.
Patients recommending Dr Reeja describe her as “kind and attentive”, “highly professional”, and “detail-oriented”.
Dr Nashwa Abulhassan, Head of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Dr Sulaiman Al Habib Hospital Healthcare City
Dr Nashwa is a specialist in normal and complex pregnancies and deliveries, as well as “acute gynaecology and early pregnancy complications management” based at Dr Sulaiman Al Habib Hospital Healthcare City.
A member of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) and an accredited member of the British society of colposcopists and cervical pathologists, Dr Nashwa has more than 15 years of experience in the UK and the UAE.
Dr Nashwa has been featured in the UAE media discussing pregnancy complications and was most recently in Gulf News, offering advice for pregnant women who have tested positive for Covid-19.
Dr Nashwa’s patients describe her as “kind and caring”.
Dr Samina Dornan, Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist and sub specialist in Maternal Fetal Medicine, Al Zahra Hospital
An established international voice on maternal and fetal health issues, Dr Samina Dornan has extensive experience in fetal medicine. At Al Zahra Hospital she works as a consultant obstetrician and gynecologist with a sub-specialty in Maternal Fetal Medicine.
Dr Samina qualified at Queen’s University Belfast. She received a fellowship from the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) in 2017 and is the “first female Maternal Fetal Medicine sub-specialist [at RCOG]” to work with patients in Dubai.
Frequently quoted in the media, Dr Samina is “extensively published in complex twin pregnancies”.
Patient feedback on Dr Samina is overwhelmingly positive, describing her as “wonderful”, “absolutely fantastic”, “caring” and “amazing”.
Dr Sarah Francis, Consultant Obstetrics and Gynaecology, American Hospital Dubai and American Hospital Al Khawaneej Clinic
With clinical expertise in general and benign gynaecology, adolescent gynaecological issues, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), and low and high-risk pregnancies, Dr Sarah supports patients at American Hospital Dubai and American Hospital Al Khawaneej Clinic.
A member of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG), Dr Sarah qualified in Sierra Leone and practised in NHS hospitals and trusts across the UK before moving to the UAE. She worked with patients at Drs Nicholas and Asp clinics before joining the team at American Hospital.
Patients say that Dr Sarah is “wonderful” and “exceptionally supportive”.
Dr Dragana Pavlovic-Acimovic, Specialist Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mediclinic Meadows
Dr Dragana has “a special interest in obstetrics” and consults on “adolescent gynaecology, menopause, family planning” and various gynaecological conditions.
Dr Dragana qualified in Serbia and started her career at University Hospital Narodni Front in Belgrade, “the largest specialised obstetrics and gynaecology centre in South-East Europe”. She moved to Dubai in 2015 and worked at Drs Nicholas and Asp before joining Mediclinic.
Patients’ experience with Dr Dragana is “great”.
Dr Alessandra Pipan, Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist, Mediclinic City Hospital
With more than 30 years’ experience in gynaecology and obstetrics Dr Alessandra treats a range of gynaecological conditions, is a specialist in infertility and oncology, and works with high-risk pregnancies at Mediclinic City Hospital.
A member of the Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (RCOG), the European Society of Reproduction and Embryology, and the European Society of Gynaecological Endoscopy, Dr Alessandra qualified at Cattolica University of Rome, Italy and has developed extensive sector experience in positions across the Italian and UAE healthcare institutions.
Patients of Dr Alessandra have described her as “great” and “amazing”.
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Related Articles
9 Natural Induction Methods Examined: What Does the Evidence Say?
Towards the end of [pregnancies](https://nabtahealth.com/article/ectopic-pregnancies-why-do-they-happen/), many women try methods of natural induction. The evidence supporting various traditional methods is variable, and benefits, side effects, and notable potential health risks are present. Understanding what science says can help individuals make informed choices in consultation with a provider. Induction of Natural Labour induction Myths, Realities and Precautions ---------------------------------------------------------------------- The following section will review nine standard natural induction methods, discussing the proposed mechanism, evidence, and safety considerations. Avoid potential hazards by avoiding risky labor triggers and get advice from your [obstetrician](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/obstetrician/) before choosing any method mentioned below. Castor Oil ---------- Castor oil has been used throughout the centuries to induce labor, and studies suggest that it does so on some 58% of occasions. This oil stimulates prostaglandin release, which in turn may have the result of inducing cervical changes. Adverse effects, such as nausea and [diarrhea](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diarrhea/symptoms-causes/syc-20352241), are common, however. Castor oil should be used near the [due date](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/due-date/) and with extreme caution, given its contraindication earlier in pregnancy. Breast Stimulation ------------------ The historical and scientific backing of breast stimulation is based on the release of oxytocin to soften the [cervix](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cervix/). A study has shown that, with this method, cervical ripening may be achieved in about 37% of cases. However, excessive stimulation may cause uterine hyperstimulation, and guidance from professionals may be essential. Red Raspberry Leaf ------------------ Red raspberry leaf is generally taken as a tea and is thought to enhance blood flow to the [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/) and stimulate [contractions](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/contraction/). Traditional use, however, is tempered by a relative lack of scientific research regarding its effectiveness. Animal studies have suggested possible adverse side effects, and no human data are available that supports a correlation with successful induction of labor. Sex --- Sex is most commonly advised as a natural induction method based on the principle that sex introduces [prostaglandins](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/prostaglandins/) and oxytocin, and orgasm induces uterine [contractions](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/contraction/). The few studies in the literature report no significant effect on labor timing. Generally safe for women when pregnancy is otherwise low-risk but may not speed labor. Acupuncture ----------- Acupuncture is a traditional Chinese practice that has been done to stimulate labor through the induction of hormonal responses. However, some studies show its effectiveness in improving cervical ripening but not necessarily inducing active labor. An experienced practitioner would appropriately consult its safe application during pregnancy. Blue and Black Cohosh --------------------- Native American groups traditionally utilize blue and black cohosh plants for gynecological use. These plants are highly discouraged nowadays from inducing labor because of the risk of toxicity they may bring. Although they establish substantial [contractions](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/contraction/), they have been observed to sometimes cause extreme complications-possibly congenital disabilities and heart problems in newborns Dates ----- Some cultural beliefs view dates as helping induce labor by stimulating the release of oxytocin. They do not help stimulate uterine [contractions](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/contraction/) to start labor, but clinical research does support that dates support cervical [dilation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/dilation/) and reduce the need for medical inductions during labor. They also support less hemorrhaging post-delivery when consumed later in pregnancy. Pineapple --------- Something in pineapple called bromelain is an [enzyme](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/enzyme/) that is supposed to stimulate [contractions](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/contraction/) of the [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/). Animal tissue studies have determined it would only work if applied directly to the tissue, so it’s doubtful this is a natural method for inducing labor. Evening Primrose Oil -------------------- Evening Primrose Oil, taken almost exclusively in capsule form, is another common naturopathic remedy to ripen the [cervix](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cervix/). Still, studies are very few and indicate a greater risk of labor complications, such as intervention during delivery, and it is not recommended very often. Safety and Consultation ----------------------- Many of these methods are extremely popular; however, most are unsupported by scientific data. Any method should be discussed with a healthcare provider because all may be contraindicated depending on gestational age, maternal health, and pregnancy risk levels. Try going for a walk, have a warm bath and relax while you’re waiting for your baby. “Optimal fetal positioning,” can help baby to come into a better position to support labor. You can try sitting upright and leaning forward by sitting on a chair backward. Conclusion ---------- Natural methods of inducing labor vary widely in efficacy and safety. Practices like breast stimulation and dates confer some benefits, while others, such as those involving castor oil and blue cohosh, carry risks. Based on the available evidence, decisions about labor induction through healthcare providers are usually the safest. You can track your menstrual cycle and get [personalised support by using the Nabta app](https://nabtahealth.com/nabta-app/). Get in touch if you have any questions about this article or any aspect of women’s health. We’re here for you. Sources : 1.S. M. Okun, R. A. Lydon-Rochelle, and L. L. Sampson, “Effect of Castor Oil on Induction of Labor: A Systematic Review,” Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health, 2023. 2.T. K. Ford, H. H. Snell, “Effectiveness of Breast Stimulation for Cervical Ripening and Labor Induction: A Review of the Literature,” Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2023. 3.R. E. Smith, D. M. Wilson, “Red Raspberry Leaf and Its Role in Pregnancy and Labor: A Critical Review,” Alternative Medicine Journal, 2024. 4.A. L. Jameson, “Sexual Activity and Its Effect on Labor Induction: A Review,” International Journal of Obstetrics, 2023. 5.B. C. Zhang, Z. W. Lin, “Acupuncture as a Method for Labor Induction: Evidence from Recent Clinical Trials,” Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2023. 6.D. K. Patel, J. M. Williams, “Toxicity of Blue and Black Cohosh in Pregnancy: Case Studies and Clinical Guidelines,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2024. 7.M. J. Abdullah, F. E. Azzam, “The Role of Dates in Pregnancy: A Review of Effects on Labor and Birth Outcomes,” Nutrition in Pregnancy, 2024. 8.S. L. Chung, L. M. Harrison, “Pineapple and Its Potential Role in Labor Induction: A Review,” Journal of Obstetric and [Perinatal](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/perinatal/) Research, 2023. 9.L. M. Weston, A. R. Franklin, “Evening Primrose Oil for Labor Induction: A Comprehensive Review,” Journal of Alternative Therapies in Pregnancy, 2024. Patient Information Induction of labour Women’s Services. (n.d.). Retrieved November 9, 2024, from https://www.enherts-tr.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Induction-of-Labour-v5-09.2020-web.pdf
Gynoid Fat (Hip Fat and Thigh Fat): Possible Role in Fertility
Gynoid fat accumulates around the hips and thighs, while android fat settles in the abdominal region. The sex hormones drive the distribution of fat: Estrogen keeps fat in the gluteofemoral areas (hips and thighs), whereas [testosterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/testosterone/) causes fat deposition in the abdominal area. Hormonal Influence on Fat Distribution -------------------------------------- The female sex hormone estrogen stimulates the accumulation of gynoid fat, resulting in a pear-shaped figure, but the male hormone [testosterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/testosterone/) induces android fat, yielding an apple-shaped body. Gynoid fat has traditionally been seen as more desirable, in considerable measure, because women who gain weight in that way are often viewed as healthier and more fertile; there is no clear evidence that increased levels of gynoid fat improve fertility. Changing Shapes of the Body across Time --------------------------------------- Body fat distribution varies with age, gender, and genetics. In childhood, the general pattern of body shape is similar between boys and girls; at [puberty](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/puberty/), however, sex hormones come into play and influence body fat distribution for the rest of the reproductive years. Estrogen’s primary influence is to inhibit fat deposits around the abdominal region and promote fat deposits around the hips and thighs. On the other hand, [testosterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/testosterone/) promotes abdominal fat storage and blocks fat from forming in the gluteofemoral region. In women, disorders like [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/) may be associated with higher levels of [androgens](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/androgen/) including [testosterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/testosterone/) and lower estrogen, leading to a more male pattern of fat distribution. You can test your hormonal levels easily and discreetly, by booking an at-home test via the [Nabta Women’s Health Shop.](https://shop.nabtahealth.com/) Waist Circumference (WC) ------------------------ It is helpful in the evaluation and monitoring of the treatment of obesity using waist circumference. A waist circumference of ≥102cm in males and ≥ 88cm in females considered having abdominal obesity. Note that waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) doesn’t have an advantage over waist circumference. After [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/), a woman’s WC will often increase, and her body fat distribution will more closely resemble that of a normal male. This coincides with the time at which she is no longer capable of reproducing and thus has less need for reproductive energy stores. Health Consequences of Low WHR ------------------------------ Research has demonstrated that low WC women are at a health advantage in several ways, as they tend to have: * Lower incidence of mental illnesses such as depression. * Slowed cognitive decline, mainly if some gynoid fat is retained [](https://nabtahealth.com/article/about-the-three-stages-of-menopause/)[postmenopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/postmenopause/) * A lower risk for heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers. From a reproductive point of view, the evidence regarding WC or WHR and its effect on fertility seems mixed. Some studies suggest that low WC or WHR is indeed associated with a regular menstrual cycle and appropriate amounts of estrogen and [progesterone](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/progesterone/) during [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/), which may suggest better fecundity. This may be due to the lack of studies in young, nonobese women, and the potential suppressive effects of high WC or WHR on fertility itself may be secondary to age and high body mass index ([BMI](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/bmi/)). One small-scale study did suggest that low WHR was associated with a cervical ecology that allowed easy [sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/) penetration, but that would be very hard to verify. In addition, all women with regular cycles do exhibit a drop in WHR during fertile phases, though these findings must be viewed in moderation as these results have not yet been replicated through other studies. Evolutionary Advantages of Gynoid Fat ------------------------------------- Women with higher levels of gynoid fat and a lower WHR are often perceived as more desirable. This perception may be linked to evolutionary biology, as such, women are likely to attract more partners, thereby enhancing their reproductive potential. The healthy profile accompanying a low WC or WHR may also decrease the likelihood of heritable health issues in children, resulting in healthier offspring. Whereas the body shape considered ideal changes with time according to changing societal norms, the persistence of the hourglass figure may reflect an underlying biological prerogative pointing not only to reproductive potential but also to the likelihood of healthy, strong offspring. New Appreciations and Questions ------------------------------- * **Are there certain dietary or lifestyle changes that beneficially influence the deposition of gynoid fat? ** Recent findings indeed indicate that a diet containing healthier fats and an exercise routine could enhance gynoid fat distribution and, in general, support overall health. * **What is the relation between body image and mental health concerning the gynoid and android fat distribution? ** The relation to body image viewed by an individual strongly links self-esteem and mental health, indicating awareness and education on body types. * **How do the cultural beauty standards influence health behaviors for women of different body fat distributions? ** Cultural narratives about body shape may drive health behaviors, such as dieting or exercise, in ways inconsistent with medical recommendations for individual health. **References** 1.Shin, H., & Park, J. (2024). Hormonal Influences on Body Fat Distribution: A Review. Endocrine Reviews, 45(2), 123-135. 2.Roberts, J. S., & Meade, C. (2023). The Effects of WHR on Health Outcomes in Women: A Systematic Review. Obesity Reviews, 24(4), e13456. 3.Chen, M. J., & Li, Y. (2023). Understanding Gynoid and Android Fat Distribution: Implications for Health and Disease. Journal of Women’s Health, 32(3), 456-467. 4.Hayashi, T., et al. (2023). Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Its Impact on Body Fat Distribution: A Comprehensive Review. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 14, 234-241. 5.O’Connor, R., & Murphy, E. (2023). Sex Hormones and Fat Distribution in Women: An Updated Review. [Metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/) Clinical and Experimental, 143, 155-162. 6.Thomson, R., & Baker, M. (2024). Body Image, Self-Esteem, and Mental Health: The Role of Fat Distribution. Health Psychology Review, 18(1), 45-60. 7.Verma, P., & Gupta, A. (2023). Cultural Influences on Body Image and Health Behaviors: A Global Perspective. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ([MDPI](https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph)), 20(5), 3021.
Is Performing a C-Section Better Than Inducing Labour? [2024]
Is Performing a C-Section Better Than Inducing Labour, when it comes to giving birth, usually the preferred option is to let labour proceed naturally. However, there are times when it is not in the mother or baby’s interest for this to happen. When the health of either is at risk, or if gestation has exceeded [41 weeks duration,](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/doctor-tips-weeks-27-40/) then it is highly probable that an alternative strategy will need to be implemented. There are two options available, [inducing labour](../) or performing a [C-section](../). With an induction, the [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/) is artificially stimulated to contract, and it is then hoped that labour will proceed as per a natural delivery. In contrast, a C-section is a surgical procedure, whereby a cut is made in the abdomen and the baby is removed that way, rather than via the [vagina](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vagina/). Sometimes the only safe option is to perform a C-section, for example if the baby is breach, or when an emergency situation arises. However, there are other times when you may be presented with a choice and if this happens, what is the correct answer? Unfortunately there is no definitive right answer. An induction can be at least as safe as spontaneous labour and, if performed in the week prior to the [due date](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/due-date/), it is thought to reduce [the risk of](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/what-is-preeclampsia/) [preeclampsia](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/preeclampsia/) in the mother and respiratory distress in the child, possibly as a result of the [placenta](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/placenta/) remaining fully functional. Unlike C-sections, inductions are not surgical procedures and thus, if all goes to plan, the recovery period is shorter. It is however, a big ‘IF’. [Induced labours](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/induction-of-labour/) are typically more painful, meaning more women will request stronger pain relief including epidurals, and there is a greater likelihood of assisted delivery, such as the use of forceps or ventouse. There is also an increased [risk of hyperstimulation](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/what-is-ovarian-drilling/) of the [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/)., Uterine hyperstimulation causes more frequent, longer [contractions](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/contraction/), which can [lead](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lead/) to complications such as foetal heart rate abnormalities and, in rare cases, uterine rupture. In a significant number of women, induction does not work and a C-section becomes necessary. The advent of the C-section was undoubtedly a medical revolution, instantly saving the lives of millions of women and children. However, C-sections bring with them all the risks of regular surgery, including blood clots, wound infection and bleeding. The recovery period is typically longer after a C-section than after a natural birth, driving restrictions are enforced and a scar remains, although this will fade over time. Whilst current guidelines stipulate that an induction should only be performed when [the risks of continuing the pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/complications-during-pregnancy-polyhydramnios/) outweighs the benefits, with more women than ever requesting elective C-sections, the World Health Organisation has highlighted an urgent need for medical assessment efforts to address the risks of induced labour compared to elective C-section. Until such work is undertaken, it becomes a matter of individual circumstance, personal choice and ultimately weighing up what is best for you and your baby. **Sources:** * Grobman, W A, et al. “Labor Induction versus Expectant Management in Low-Risk Nulliparous Women.” _The New England Journal of Medicine_, vol. 379, no. 6, 9 Aug. 2018, pp. 513–523., doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1800566. * WHO Recommendations for Induction of Labour. World Health Organisation, [http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44531/9789241501156\_eng.pdf?sequence=1](http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44531/9789241501156_eng.pdf?sequence=1). Accessed on 23/01/2019. * _Inducing Labour. Clinical Guideline \[CG70\]_. NICE (National Institute for Care and Health Excellence), July 2008, www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg70/chapter/Introduction. Accessed on 23/01/2019