Your new baby has arrived, and you are eager to get back into shape. However, [losing weight after pregnancy](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/7-healthy-eating-tips-for-postpartum-weight-loss/) takes time and patience, especially because your body is still undergoing many hormonal and metabolic changes. Most women will lose half their baby weight by 6-weeks postpartum and return to their pre-pregnancy weight by 6 months after delivery. For long-term results, keep the following tips in mind. Prior to beginning any diet or exercise, [please consult with your physician](https://nabtahealth.okadoc.com/). 1\. **Dieting too soon is unhealthy.** Dieting too soon can delay your recovery time and make you more tired. Your body needs time to heal from labor and delivery. Try not to be so hard on yourself during the first 6 weeks postpartum. 2\. **Be realistic**. Set realistic and attainable goals. It is healthy to lose 1-2 pounds per week. Don’t go on a strict, restrictive diet. Women need a minimum of 1,200 calories a day to remain healthy, and most women need more than that — between 1,500 and 2,200 calories a day — to keep up their energy and prevent mood swings. And if you’re nursing, you need a bare minimum of 1,800 calories a day to nourish both yourself and your baby. 3\. **Move it**. There are many benefits to exercise. Exercise can promote weight loss when combined with a reduced calorie diet. Physical activity can also restore your muscle strength and tone. Exercise can condition your abdominal muscles, improve your mood, and help prevent and promote recovery from postpartum depression. 4\. **Breastfeed**. In addition to the many benefits of breastfeeding for your baby, it will also help you lose weight faster. Women who gain a reasonable amount of weight and breastfeed exclusively are more likely to lose all weight six months after giving birth. Experts also estimate that women who breastfeed retain 2 kilograms (4.4 pounds) less than women who don’t breastfeed at six months after giving birth. 5\. **Hydrate**. Drink 8 or 9 cups of liquids a day. Drinking water helps your body flush out toxins as you are losing weight. Limit drinks like sodas, juices, and other fluids with sugar and calories. They can add up and keep you from losing weight. 6. **Don’t skip meals**. Don’t skip meals in an attempt to lose weight. It won’t help, because you’ll be more likely to binge at other meals. Skipping meals will also make you feel tired and grouchy. With a new baby, it can be difficult to find time to eat. Rather than fitting in three big meals, focus on eating five to six small meals a day with healthy snacks in between. 7\. **Eat the rainbow.** Stock up on your whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. Consuming more fruits and vegetables along with whole grains and lean meats, nuts, and beans is a safe and healthy diet. ose weight after postpartum Is one of the biggest challenge women face worldwidely. Different Expertise and studies indicated that female might lose approximately 13 pounds’ weight which is around 6 KG in the first week after giving birth. The essential point here is that dieting not required for losing the weight, diet often reduce the amount of some important vitamins, minerals and nutrients. **Here are seven tips from the professional nutritionist perspective that can be considered for losing weight after postpartum these are;** 2\. Considered food like fish, chicken, nuts, and beans are excellent sources of protein and nutrients. 3\. A healthy serving of fat, such as avocado, chia seeds or olive oil 4\. With the balance diet please consider to drink plenty of water to stay hydrated. 5\. Regular exercise helps to shed extra pounds and improve overall health. 6\. Fiber-rich foods should be included to promote digestive health and support weight loss efforts. 7\. Don’t forget about self-care. By making these dietary changes and incorporating physical activity, you can achieve postpartum weight loss sustainably and healthily. **Sources:** * Center for Disease and Control and Prevention * Healthy Weight: it’s not dieting, it’s a lifestyle. Obstetrics and Gynecology * The risks of not breastfeeding for mothers and infants. The American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists * Guidelines of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists for exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Powered by Bundoo®
Can duct tape remove wart; * Warts are a common childhood ailment. * Warts are caused when a virus infects the top layer of the skin, the stratum corneum, and sets up residence. * One of the most common warts in children is known as molluscum contagiosum * Warts can remain for months and even years but often spontaneously go away, especially in children. Warts and molluscum are highly contagious and affect most children. They often spread and grow in size because the body fails to recognize the virus as being a pathogen. Warts can be transmitted from one area of skin to another by rubbing. They can heal themselves and go away on their alone. Nevertheless, many families look for treatment and solutions to speed up the recovery. #### What is molluscum? One of the most common warts in children is known as molluscum contagiosum. These tiny pearly papules are usually no more than 5 millimeters in size and often appear in clusters. The best advise is to leave molluscum alone. With time (months) they resolve on their own with no treatment. Sometimes, ignoring molluscum is not an option. In cases where they are spreading quickly (because they are in an area where there is skin on skin contact, like under the arm), are painful, your child continues to pick at them, or they are causing a cosmetic problem, treatment may be indicated. There are various treatment methods and your provider can help determine what might be best for your child. #### Using duct tape on molluscum One of the easiest methods to try at home is the duct tape method as described by the [Schmitt Paediatric Guide:](https://publications.aap.org/patiented/pages/schmitt) * “Covering molluscum with duct tape can irritate them. This turns on the body’s immune system. * Cover as many of the molluscum as possible. (Cover at least 3 of them.) * The covered molluscum become red and start to die. When this happens, often ALL molluscum will go away. * Try to keep the molluscum covered all the time. * Remove the tape once per day, usually before bathing. Then replace it after bathing. * Some children don’t like the tape on at school. At the very least, tape it every night.” To prevent passing molluscum to others, avoid bathing with or sharing a hot tub with others and avoid sharing towels and washcloths. If the child is in contact sports, it will be helpful to cover molluscum if located in an area where there could be skin to skin contact. It takes 4-8 weeks after contact for molluscum to develop. A physician can apply a medication known as cantharidin to the top of each little wart. The medication causes the top layer of the skin, where the virus lives, to blister and peel off, taking the virus with it. Cantharidin can also be used with other small warts but is not ideal for large warts. While the treatment is rarely uncomfortable, it is also often ineffective. Multiple applications may be necessary before the wart is fully gone. If your child already has molluscum, to prevent more from developing, advise them to avoid scratching. Keeping nails cut short can also help. Also avoid rubbing the affected area with a washcloth or towel and then touching this on the skin. #### Using duct tape on warts Duct tape is also popular as a wart treatment and can be attempted at home. Duct tape can be used on any non-tender wart. In this treatment, the wart is cleaned and softened with soapy water. Then an unused emery board is used to gently file the wart down, stopping if it becomes uncomfortable. It is dried completely and a clean square of duct tape is applied over the wart. The duct tape is left on for a week and then gently removed with baby oil. The whole process is repeated weekly until the wart resolves. There are many over-the-counter treatments for warts, but it’s a good idea to check with your physician before using them as many are irritating to the skin and can burn. It bears repeating that warts are usually self-limited so doing nothing is a good option for children who are not bothered by them. How long does it take for duct tape to remove a wart? ----------------------------------------------------- Duct tape is a popular home remedy for removing warts. However, the effectiveness of this treatment can vary and it is not backed by scientific evidence. The process of using duct tape to remove a wart involves covering the wart with a piece of duct tape for several days. The idea behind this treatment is that the duct tape will cut off the wart’s supply of oxygen and nutrients, causing it to die and eventually fall off. It is difficult to predict exactly how long it will take for a wart to be removed using duct tape, as it can vary depending on the individual and the size and location of the wart. Some people may see results within a week, while others may not see any improvement for several weeks or even months. In general, it is recommended to use duct tape as a wart treatment for no longer than two months. If the wart has not improved or disappeared after this time, it is best to discontinue the treatment and talk to a doctor about other options. While duct tape may be a low-cost and convenient option for removing warts, it is not always effective. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider for advice and guidance on the best treatment for your specific situation. Powered by Bundoo® Edited by Nabta Health \_\_\_ Nabta is reshaping women’s healthcare. We support women with their personal health journeys, from everyday wellbeing to the uniquely female experiences of fertility, pregnancy, and [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/). You can track your menstrual cycle and get [personalised support by using the Nabta app.](https://nabtahealth.com/our-platform/nabta-app/) [Get in touch](/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#be9b8c8ec7dfd2d2dffed0dfdccadfd6dbdfd2cad690ddd1d3) if you have any questions about this article or any aspect of women’s health. We’re here for you. **Sources** ClearTriage. Copyright 2000-2019 Schmitt Pediatric Guidelines LLC. Author: Barton Schmitt MD, FAAP
Hair is made from a protein called keratin. It is attached to the scalp via follicles and each person has between 100,000 and 350,000 strands of hair. Each hair strand will grow for approximately 1000 days before entering a resting phase of about 100 days, after which it is shed and replaced with a new hair. This pattern of growth and loss varies from person to person and can be impacted by age, diet and overall health. If the rate at which old hair is being shed exceeds the production of new hair then a person may experience hair thinning, or loss. **What causes hair loss?** -------------------------- A number of factors and medical conditions can influence hair growth. These include: * **Thyroid disease**. Having either an underactive thyroid ([hypothyroidism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hypothyroidism/)) or an overactive thyroid ([hyperthyroidism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hyperthyroidism/)) can have a detrimental effect on hair condition and growth. The [thyroid gland](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/thyroid-gland/) produces thyroid hormones, which regulate the use of energy. When levels of thyroid hormone are low, the hair becomes dry and thin; when thyroid hormone levels are high, the hair becomes fine and brittle. * **[Chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/)**. Up to 65% of people who undergo [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/) will experience at least some hair loss, usually due to the drugs they are taking targeting the rapidly dividing cells of the hair follicles. This can be a [particularly traumatic experience for women](../beauty-regime-after-cancer), with up to 47% saying it was the most daunting aspect of their treatment. Unfortunately, to date, there are no pharmacological options for preventing this form of hair loss. * **Hormones**. An excess of male hormones ([androgens](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/androgen/)) can result in [female hair loss](../coping-with-pcos-hair-loss). Androgen excess is one of the predominant symptoms of [polycystic ovary syndrome](../what-is-pcos) ([PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/)); thus women with the condition may notice that they are experiencing male-pattern baldness. Women who take an [oral contraceptive pill](../the-oral-contraceptive-pill) that contains a progestin with a high androgen index (i.e. levonorgestrel) are also at increased risk of hair loss. * **Diet**. Repeatedly losing and regaining weight, or following fad diets, can impact the health of the hair; particularly at times when the diet is lacking essential vitamins and minerals. A reduced intake of carbohydrates can cause hair loss. This list is not exhaustive. There are other medical conditions and medications that can affect the normal hair growth cycle; as well as lifestyle factors, such as stress and age. Appropriate medical advice should be sought for all suspected medical issues. However, taking some time to appreciate and consider what you are eating, will not only be [beneficial for your overall health](../how-eating-the-right-food-might-help-you-to-conceive), but should also help to improve the appearance and condition of your hair. **Best Vitamins for Hair Growth and Thickness** ----------------------------------------------- **#1 – Protein**. As the main constituent of hair is protein, having sufficient levels of it in the diet is very important. If protein levels are low, the hair becomes weak, dry and brittle. Foods high in protein include chicken, fish, dairy, eggs, legumes and nuts. **#2 – [Iron](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/iron/)**. Healthy hair requires a nutrient-rich blood supply. Low [iron](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/iron/) levels (serum [ferritin](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ferritin/) < 50 ng/mL) mean that less nutrients are supplied to the hair follicle, which reduces growth and may cause increased hair shedding. [Iron](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/iron/) deficiency is a major worldwide problem, with up to 30% of the world’s population thought to be anaemic. [Iron](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/iron/) can be found in red meat and fish, as well as in lentils, spinach and green leafy vegetables. **#3 – Vitamin C**. Aids with the intestinal absorption of [iron](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/iron/), as well as acting as a powerful antioxidant, protecting from [free radical-induced damage](../how-free-radicals-affect-the-skin). It also helps with collagen fibre production, strengthening the capillaries that supply the hair follicles. Vitamin C is found in oranges, sweet potato, blackcurrants, blueberries and broccoli. **#4 – [Vitamin A](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-a/)**. A well-balanced diet will normally provide sufficient [vitamin A](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-a/) and over-supplementing this vitamin can actually contribute to hair loss. A healthy intake from orange and yellow vegetables rich in beta carotene (carrots, pumpkins, sweet potato) aids with the production of sebum from the sebaceous glands. This oily substance acts as a natural conditioner, preventing dryness and itchiness of the scalp. **#5 – Omega-3.** The body is unable to produce [omega-3](../the-good-dietary-fat), so it must be absorbed through the diet. It helps to keep the hair hydrated and is found in oily fish, such as salmon, avocado, pumpkin seeds and walnuts. **#6 – [Zinc](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/zinc/)**. One of the physical signs of [zinc](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/zinc/) deficiency is hair loss, and as this is another example of an element that the body cannot produce, it is important to get adequate supplies from the diet. [Zinc](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/zinc/) is found in fortified cereals and wholegrains, as well as beef and eggs. **#7 – [Vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/)**. Patients with [vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/)\-dependent rickets often experience hair thinning. Most experts agree that [vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) supplementation helps people with hair loss. The majority of [vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) comes from exposure to the sun; however, in some parts of the world, including the Middle East, over 80% of people are thought to be deficient in the vitamin. Alternative supplies can come from consumption of salmon, sardines, canned tuna and cod liver oil. Egg yolks and mushrooms are also sources of dietary [vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/). The take home message is that what we eat can directly improve the health of our hair and consuming a well-balanced diet, rich in [micronutrients](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/micronutrients/) is essential for strong, well hydrated hair. The ideal scenario for most people, is to eat a diet _rich in vitamins_ and minerals. However, in some cases, additional supplementation may be required. For those who have experienced hair loss due to [chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/), the rapidly dividing cells that line the gastrointestinal tract may be just as susceptible to damage as the hair follicles, minimising the ability of the gut to adequately absorb nutrients. In these instances, supplementation may be a viable option whilst the GI tract recovers. [Nabta is reshaping women’s healthcare](https://nabtahealth.com/). We support women with their personal health journeys, from everyday wellbeing to the uniquely female experiences of fertility, pregnancy, and [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/). Get in [touch](/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#c1b8a0adada081afa0a3b5a0a9a4a0adb5a9efa2aeac) if you have any questions about this article or any aspect of women’s health. We’re here for you. **Sources:** * Almohanna, H M, et al. “The Role of Vitamins and Minerals in Hair Loss: A Review.” _Dermatology and Therapy_, vol. 9, no. 1, Mar. 2019, pp. 51–70., doi:10.1007/s13555-018-0278-6. * Briden, L. “9 Things to Know About Female Hair Loss.” _Lara Briden – The Period Revolutionary_, 27 Jan. 2015, [www.larabriden.com/things-to-know-about-female-hair-loss/](http://www.larabriden.com/things-to-know-about-female-hair-loss/). * Haq, A, et al. “[Vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) Deficiency: A Single Centre Analysis of Patients from 136 Countries.” _The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology_, vol. 164, Nov. 2016, pp. 209–213., doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.02.007. * Lewin, J. “What to Eat for Healthy Hair.” _BBC Good Food_, [www.bbcgoodfood.com/howto/guide/what-eat-healthy-hair](http://www.bbcgoodfood.com/howto/guide/what-eat-healthy-hair). Last reviewed on 28 June 2018 by nutritionist Kerry Torrens. * Moore, K. “What Causes Hair Loss?” _Healthline_, [www.healthline.com/symptom/hair-loss](http://www.healthline.com/symptom/hair-loss). Medically reviewed by Steve Kim, MD on February 29, 2016. * Trost, L B, et al. “The Diagnosis and Treatment of [Iron](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/iron/) Deficiency and Its Potential Relationship to Hair Loss.” _Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology_, vol. 54, no. 5, May 2006, pp. 824–844., doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2005.11.1104. * Trüeb, R M. “[Chemotherapy](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/chemotherapy/)\-Induced Hair Loss.” _Skin Therapy Letter_, vol. 15, no. 7, 2010, pp. 5–7.
Diabulimia, cited as the ‘world’s most dangerous eating disorder’, is a condition where people with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) deliberately and regularly ration their use of insulin in [order to lose weight](https://nabtahealth.com/im-struggling-to-lose-weight/). Challenging to both diagnose and treat, many people with the condition keep their eating habits secret. Optimal management necessitates different specialists joining forces to combat both the medical and psychological aspects of the condition. **Type 1 Diabetes** ------------------- T1DM is a chronic, lifetime condition, for which there is no cure. Worldwide, 5-10% of people with diabetes will have this form of the condition. Unlike [type 2 diabetes](https://nabtahealth.com/product/type-2-diabetes-starter-pack-copy/), T1DM has nothing to do with eating unhealthily or living a sedentary lifestyle. It happens when the immune system attacks the beta cells in the pancreas, preventing them from producing insulin. Without insulin, the glucose that is taken in through the diet, cannot be converted into energy and, instead, accumulates in the bloodstream. This can be very dangerous as the body enters starvation mode and starts to break down muscle and fat, releasing ketones, which rapidly build up, increasing the [risk of diabetic ketoacidosis](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/a-guide-to-type-1-diabetes/), which can be fatal. Receiving a diagnosis of T1DM can be daunting; it is a condition that requires daily monitoring and continual insulin therapy. It is also an early onset condition, meaning that patients are often diagnosed during childhood or early adolescence. Facing up to a lifetime of medical intervention at such a young age can certainly be emotionally challenging and typically comes at a time when body awareness is naturally heightened by [puberty](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/puberty/). **Bulimia Nervosa is an eating disorder** ----------------------------------------- Bulimia Nervosa is an eating disorder characterised by periods of binging on food and then purging to prevent weight gain. The most frequently observed purging behaviours are self-induced vomiting, laxatives, diuretics and excessive exercise. People with T1DM have a unique purging behaviour available to them, the deliberate misuse or avoidance of insulin. [Diabetics need insulin](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/taking-diabetes-medication-during-pregnancy-is-it-safe/) to survive, so by withholding it in an attempt to control their weight, people with the condition are actually putting their lives at risk. **Why are people with T1DM at increased risk of developing an eating disorder?** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Unfortunately people with T1DM are at increased risk of developing an eating disorder, and this can be due to both physical and emotional factors. For a start, people with the condition have a disrupted metabolic system, meaning they do not break down food in the normal way. They also spend a disproportionate amount of time dissecting food labels and recipe content, analysing numbers and having to take control of their diet. Control, and the fear of losing it, is a major factor in the development of an eating disorder. A further issue comes from the fact that, prior to diagnosis, many people with [T1DM](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/exercise-and-diabetes/) have lost a significant amount of weight. Insulin therapy can cause weight gain, which can negatively impact a person’s self esteem and body confidence. In fact, insulin therapy and weight gain can form a vicious cycle, with insulin-induced weight gain necessitating a higher [dose of insulin](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/what-is-insulin-resistance/). This increased insulin leads to increased hunger and dietary intake, which, naturally, increases weight further and thus, the cycle continues. At a time when a person may already be feeling emotional, anxious and out of control, this unwanted weight gain might come at a critical time. Diabetic burnout can also increase the [risk of developing an eating disorder](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/how-eating-disorders-can-affect-your-pregnancy/), as patients become increasingly frustrated, start disregarding their blood glucose levels and look for ways to escape the confinements of their condition. **How big a problem is it?** ---------------------------- Whilst diabulimia is not currently a medically recognised term, it does represent a growing problem and the condition was included in the UK’s National Institute of Health and Care Excellence ([NICE](https://www.nice.com/)) 2017 [guidelines for eating disorders](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/how-eating-disorders-can-affect-your-pregnancy/). The extent of the problem is highlighted by the fact that up to 40% of women with T1DM, who are between 15 and 30 years of age, regularly omit insulin for weight control. These women are also at increased risk of adopting other purging behavious to control their weight and overcome body dissatisfaction, including restricting their food intake, misusing laxatives and over-exercising. It is estimated that in their lifetime: * 0.5 – 3.7% women will experience anorexia nervosa. * 1.1 – 4.2% women will exhibit symptoms of bulimia. * 11% women with T1DM will develop an eating disorder. These figures represent a significant, worldwide health issue, that urgently requires research, funding and support. A major issue comes from understanding how best to treat the condition. For many eating disorders, a key part of the therapy involves removing the focus a patient has on food. Those patients with T1DM cannot do this; in order to stay healthy and avoid serious diabetes complications (visual disturbances, increased infection risk, neuropathies, kidney damage and amputations, to name just a few), patients must carefully monitor and regulate their food intake. Treatment of diabulimia requires a multidisciplinary team, comprising diabetes specialists and psychiatrists to manage both elements of the condition. For further information on this and other mental health conditions, [Choosing Therapy](https://www.choosingtherapy.com/diabulimia/) is a very useful resource. Nabta is reshaping women’s healthcare. We support women with their personal health journeys, from everyday wellbeing to the uniquely female experiences of fertility, pregnancy, and [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/). Get in [touch](/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#067f676a6a674668676472676e63676a726e2865696b) if you have any questions about this article or any aspect of women’s health. We’re here for you. **Sources:** * “Diabetes Burnout.” _Diabetes.co.uk_, [www.diabetes.co.uk/emotions/diabetes-burnout.html](http://www.diabetes.co.uk/emotions/diabetes-burnout.html). * “Diabulimia.” _National Eating Disorders Association_, [www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/diabulimia-5](http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/diabulimia-5). * Evry, N. “Diabulimia: Signs, Symptoms, & Treatments.” _Choosing Therapy_, 20 Nov. 2020, [www.choosingtherapy.com/diabulimia/](http://www.choosingtherapy.com/diabulimia/). * Torjesen, I. “Diabulimia: the World’s Most Dangerous Eating Disorder.” _BMJ_, vol. 364, 1 Mar. 2019, doi:10.1136/bmj.l982. * “What Is Type 1 Diabetes?” _Diabetes UK_, [www.diabetes.org.uk/diabetes-the-basics/what-is-type-1-diabetes](http://www.diabetes.org.uk/diabetes-the-basics/what-is-type-1-diabetes).
It seems counterintuitive, doesn’t it? Exercising to gain weight, when everything we are taught, the dominant narrative focuses on exercising to lose weight. But this misses an important understanding of how our bodies function most effectively. We exercise for physical and mental health, to gain or lose weight healthily and safely, and for lasting benefit. #### _Why do underweight people need to gain weight?_ Firstly, let’s look at why a person might need gaining weight: – After **surgery** or an **illness** to support healthy recovery. – Being underweight can affect a person’s **fertility** and a woman’s ability to get pregnant. – Persistent low weight can cause **developmental problems** or **preventable health conditions**. #### _Why is healthy weight gain important?_ A person is underweight if their [Body Mass Index (](https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/index.html)[BMI](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/bmi/)) is less than 18.5. We calculate [BMI](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/bmi/) using [height and weight](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/what-is-body-mass-index-bmi/), dividing a person’s weight in kilograms with their height in metres squared to get an estimate of body fat. Being underweight increases the risk of suffering from health conditions including fragile bones and [osteoporosis](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/osteoporosis/), weakened immune system, and malnutrition. It also reduces muscle strength and puts a person at greater risk of developing infections. #### _Eat more and build lean muscle growth to gaining weight_ If you’re trying to gain weight your calorie intake should be as nutrient-rich as possible. Eat three to five decent meals a day, with healthy snacks between meals. Increase your carbohydrates, focusing on whole grain breads and cereals. Consume high fat content foods like avocados and nuts and avoid fatty junk foods. Complement higher calorie intake with regular targeted exercise. Strength and resistance training helps build muscle mass which in turn helps with healthy weight gain. Resistance training includes using your body weight (squats, press-ups, bench-presses), resistance bands, classic strength training with free weights, and weight machines. Pilates and yoga count as resistance training too. Exercise also stimulates appetite. Obviously, avoid the temptation to tuck into sugary snacks and fizzy drinks. You want muscle gain, not fat gain. Healthy, lean weight gain is a process that can take many months. Be patient and try to stay consistent. #### _Talk to a professional about safe, healthy weight gain_ It’s important to see your doctor before trying to gain weight. They will want to assess you for any underlying health issues (for example an [overactive thyroid is linked with low weight](https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/healthy-weight/managing-your-weight/advice-for-underweight-adults/)) or medical conditions and discuss an appropriate and healthy weight gain program. Similarly, talk to an exercise professional about your weight gain goals . An exercise physiologist, physiotherapist, personal trainer, or gym instructor will make sure the exercises you are doing help you to safely put on the pounds. #### _Some dos and don’ts for exercising to gaining weight_ – _Don’t_ be tempted by products, supplements, and powders that claim to increase muscle. They can cause unpleasant side effects and [lead](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lead/) to unhealthy weight gain. – _Don’t_ snack on fatty junk foods to increase your calorie count. These will only cause fat build-up. – _Do_ eat ‘good’ high fat foods like avocados, nuts, cheese, and fatty fish. – _Do_ increase your nutrient-rich calorie intake. – _Do_ see your doctor before trying to gain weight. – _Do_ talk to a professional exercise physiologist or personal trainer. Remember, gaining weight should be part of a holistic plan for your whole body. It’s true that if you eat more calories than your body uses you will put on weight. But if a person doesn’t train correctly and regularly, they will simply put on fat not muscle and potentially cause unwanted health conditions. Plus, regular activity equals a healthy body and mind, and you can’t argue with that.
Why do some people gain weight easily, while others eat what they like and never seem to put on a pound? And still more people really struggle to add the kilos, despite their best calorie-intake efforts? The fact is supporting a normal healthy weight can be trickier for some people than for others. And there are many factors that affect a person’s ability to put on weight, or cause unintentional weight loss #### _10 reasons some people can’t gain weight_ Whether a person has ‘lean genes’, high [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/), or an underlying medical condition, we list 10 possible reasons a person may have difficulty gaining weight. – **Genes**: A naturally low [Body Mass Index (](https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/index.html)[BMI](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/bmi/)) can mean a slender body type for some people. – **High [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/)**: People with a faster [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/) burn more calories both exercising and resting. If you have a high [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/) you may need to [consume more calories](https://www.health.harvard.edu/diet-and-weight-loss/does-metabolism-matter-in-weight-loss) to maintain a stable weight. – [](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/what-controls-metabolism/)**[Hyperthyroidism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hyperthyroidism/) (overactive thyroid)****:** Overproduction of the thyroid hormone causes accelerated [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/), resulting in unintentional weight loss if not regulated with medication. – **Diabetes**: In [type 1 diabetes](https://www.diabetes.co.uk/symptoms/unexplained-weight-loss.html) insufficient insulin means the body doesn’t get enough glucose from the blood to use as energy. Consequently, the body burns fat and muscle for energy, leading to weight loss. – **Malabsorption syndrome**: [Crohn’s disease](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/how-crohns-disease-affects-pregnancy/), [ulcerative colitis](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ulcerative-colitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353326), [](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/what-is-celiac-disease/)[celiac disease](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/celiac-disease/), [](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/what-is-cystic-fibrosis/)[cystic fibrosis](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cystic-fibrosis/), [small intestinal bacteria overgrowth (SIBO)](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/small-intestinal-bacterial-overgrowth/symptoms-causes/syc-20370168) all come under a range of disorders, gastrointestinal diseases and food intolerances that affect the body’s ability to absorb nutrients from the food we eat. – **Prescription medication**: Some medications used to treat cancer, depression, [ADHD](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/what-is-adhd/), thyroid and other conditions can cause unintentional weight loss. – **Mental health**: Poor mental health, depression and anxiety can affect a person’s appetite and therefore their nutrient intake. – **Eating disorders**: [Anorexia nervosa](https://butterfly.org.au/eating-disorders/eating-disorders-explained/) is restricted eating that leads to a person being unable to maintain a normal and healthy weight. [Bulimia nervosa](https://butterfly.org.au/eating-disorders/eating-disorders-explained/) is binge eating, followed by purging, or forced vomiting, and sometimes excessive exercise. – **Regular physical activity**: If you consistently burn off more calories than you consume you will struggle to keep a stable weight. – **Insufficient calories**: If your busy lifestyle means you regularly skip meals, or if you aren’t getting enough calories in your diet, you may find it difficult to gain weight. #### _How do you know if you need to gain weight?_ According to the [Centers for Disease Control and Protection (CDC)](https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/adult_bmi/index.html) a person is underweight if their [Body Mass Index (](https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/index.html)[BMI](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/bmi/)) is less than 18.5. [BMI](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/bmi/) uses a person’s [height and weight](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/what-is-body-mass-index-bmi/), dividing their weight in kilograms with their height in metres squared to get an estimate of body fat. Being underweight can cause health problems such as malnutrition, fragile bones, and [osteoporosis](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/osteoporosis/). It can also [lead](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lead/) to a weakened immune system, which increases the risk of developing infections, as well as making it harder to recover from illnesses. #### _See your doctor if you have difficulty gaining weight_ If you’re having trouble gaining weight, or if you’re experiencing unexplained weight loss, talk to your healthcare team. They will assess you for underlying medical conditions, and if appropriate, work with you to develop a healthy weight gain plan. Remember, you want to focus on building lean muscle, not fat. So, any weight gain program should follow your doctor’s advice and include regular exercise to support lean muscle gain.
* Inositol is a sugar similar to glucose. * Myo-inositol is recognised for it’s potential benefit to women’s health conditions. * Research has shown inositol has insulin-regulating properties that can help metabolic syndrome. * When taken for [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/) symptoms, myo-inositol can help restart [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/). * Foods naturally high in inositol include brown rice, beans, peas and nuts. Inositol is a carbocyclic sugar made naturally in the body and found in high quantities in some fresh fruit and vegetables, legumes and whole grains. Recent studies have highlighted it’s potential for treating a range of health conditions in women, including [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/), [infertility](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/infertility/), preterm birth, metabolic syndrome and some mental conditions. #### What is inositol? Necessary for the healthy functioning of our bodies, it’s [structural similarities to glucose and vital role in cell signalling](https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Inositol) impacts many of our biological functions. Considered a pseudo-vitamin [“as it is a molecule that does not qualify to be an essential vitamin because even though its presence is vital in the body, a deficiency in this molecule does not translate into disease conditions”](https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Inositol), it is often wrongly referred to as vitamin B8. There are 9 inositols, of which myo-inositol (MI) and d-chiro inositol (DCI) are increasingly recognised for their potential benefit to female health conditions. When you hear it mentioned in this context it typically means MI or a combination of both MI and DCI. #### What are the benefits of inositol? [Peer reviewed studies](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7292722/) demonstrate it’s important role in our body’s response to insulin. MI and DCI have an [insulin-like action](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7292722/) and a combination of myo-inositol and d-chiro inositol has been linked to an improvement in certain menstrual and hormonal factors in [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/). Clinical studies have also shown that inositol’s insulin-regulating properties could have positive impacts on the criteria for [metabolic syndrome diagnosis](https://facty.com/lifestyle/wellness/what-is-inositol/5/). And inositol affects neurotransmitters including serotonin. Studies show people with anxiety and panic disorders responding well to inositol. Similar research is underway into inositol’s effect on people with long-term depressive disorders, bipolar symptoms and eating disorders. #### How does myo-inositol help fertility and [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/)? Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ([PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/)) causes [](https://reproductive-health-journal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12978-021-01073-3)[ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/) disorders, [hyperandrogenism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hyperandrogenism/) and [infertility](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/infertility/) and impacts [4-20% women of childbearing age globally](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7879843/). According to the [CDC](https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/pcos.html) [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/) is one of the most common causes of [infertility](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/infertility/) in women. MI controls the hormones needed for egg production in [ovaries](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovaries/), while DCI helps control excess androgen (male hormones) in women. Experts are increasingly finding that taking a combination of MI and DCI in a 40:1 MI/DCI ratio is an effective therapy for [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/) as it improves insulin sensitivity and restarts [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/). This mimics the MI/DCI ratio found naturally in women without [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/). And as inositol can normalise ovarian function and improve [oocyte](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/oocyte/) (immature egg) and embryo quality in women with [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/), it is also effective during fertility treatment and [IVF](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ivf/). #### Can inositol treat metabolic syndrome? Up to [80% of women with](https://www.ndss.com.au/about-diabetes/resources/find-a-resource/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-fact-sheet/) [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/) have [insulin resistance](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/insulin-resistance/). Our bodies create insulin to control blood sugar levels and [insulin resistance](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/insulin-resistance/) can increase the risk for developing metabolic syndrome. [Metabolic syndrome](https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/metabolic-syndrome) is the collective name for a group of risk factors that increase your risk for chronic health conditions including heart disease, type 2 diabetes, high [LDL](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ldl/) (bad) [cholesterol](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cholesterol/), sleep apnea and strokes. This in turn puts women at higher probability of developing [gestational diabetes](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/gestational-diabetes/), putting both mother and baby at risk during pregnancy and increasing the chance of developing type 2 diabetes in later life. Studies have shown that a diet rich in foods with high inositol content complemented by inositol supplements can have [therapeutic potential](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7340869/) in certain metabolic diseases. #### How should I take inositol? How much myo and d-chiro should you include in your daily diet? There is no recommended daily allowance (RDA) for inositol, although there are many trusted [studies](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/772632) on the [dosage of inositol](https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/inositol#dosage) for various conditions: * **For mental health conditions:** 12–18 grams of MYO once daily for [4–6 weeks](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11254020) * **For polycystic ovary syndrome:** [1.2 grams of DCI](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1021906) once daily, or [2 grams of MYO](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25259724) and 200 mcg of folic acid twice daily for 6 months. * **For metabolic syndrome:** [2 grams of MYO](http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22192068) twice daily for one year. * **For blood sugar control in [gestational diabetes](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/gestational-diabetes/):** [2 grams of MY](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23340885)O and 400 mcg of folic acid twice daily [during pregnancy](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23327487). * **For blood sugar control in [type 2 diabetes:](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2803958)** [1 gram of DCI](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28039583) and 400 mcg [folic acid](https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/folic-acid-vs-folate) once daily for 6 months. Your body produces it naturally from foods high in inositol. Foods with highest MI content are beans, peas, brown rice, wheat bran and nuts. Cantaloupes and citrus fruits, but not lemons, also tend to be high in inositol. In general, canned, frozen and preserved foods contain less inositol than fresh foods. It is also available as a supplement and is often present in many multivitamins. If you are considering taking supplements for [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/) or fertility, remember to look for the recommended ratio of 40:1 MC/DCI, not all supplements are created equal. And try to avoid any supplements containing artificial sugars and sugar alcohols. #### Does inositol have any side effects? It has very few side effects and even at high doses side effects are limited to stomach cramps and flatulence. \_\_\_ Nabta is reshaping women’s healthcare. We support women with their personal health journeys, from everyday wellbeing to the uniquely female experiences of fertility, pregnancy, and [](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary)[menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/). You can track your menstrual cycle and get [personalised support by using the Nabta app.](https://nabtahealth.com/our-platform/nabta-app/) [Get in touch](/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#cfeafdffb6aea3a3ae8fa1aeadbbaea7aaaea3bba7e1aca0a2) if you have any questions about this article or any aspect of women’s health. We’re here for you.
 #### What is maternal health and why is it so important? Pregnancy and childbirth are exciting, scary, life-changing events. They can be joyful experiences, and they can be fraught with anxiety, and physical and emotional challenges. Maternal health is about the wellbeing of women and their babies during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postnatal period. Women should feel comfortable and confident in the medical care and attention they receive each stage of their pregnancy journey. Lack of awareness about the potential complications associated with pregnancy and childbirth can [lead](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lead/) to devastating outcomes. Most maternal complications are preventable with prompt support by trained maternal health professionals. The goal for maternal health is always positive outcomes for both mother and baby. #### What are maternal health services? A pregnant woman will usually meet some or all the following skilled healthcare practitioners during and after her pregnancy: * Doctor or General Practitioner (GP): Provides basic pregnancy care. Doctors with added expertise may share pregnancy care with a hospital. * [Obstetrician](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/obstetrician/): A doctor qualified in specialist antenatal and postnatal care for women and their babies. Obstetricians deliver babies and manage high-risk pregnancies and births. * Midwife: Medically trained to care for women during pregnancy, labour and after childbirth. Often a pregnant woman will be cared for by a team of midwives. * Doula: Some women choose a Doula as a companion for support during pregnancy and labour. A Doula is not a medically trained professional. * [Lactation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lactation/) consultant: Helps mother and baby establish breastfeeding and overcome difficulties with latching, low milk supply, and sore nipples. * Maternal and child health nurses: Monitor the child’s development and growth from newborn until around 3.5 years old. #### Antenatal checks, tests, and screenings Routine antenatal checks and tests are an important part of a woman’s pregnancy care. As the pregnancy progresses, blood tests, urine samples and ultrasound scans are accompanied by scheduled check-ups to assess the mother’s health and wellbeing, and the baby’s development. Screening and scans during pregnancy typically include a full blood count, infectious disease screen, urine culture, dating scan, screens for genetic abnormalities, [gestational diabetes](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/gestational-diabetes/) screening, and Group B strep screen. It’s a personal choice to have all the antenatal tests. A mother’s healthcare team will recommend that she has all tests and scans as scheduled for a complete picture of her health and her baby’s development. The tests are also designed to pick up any medical problems and identify possible genetic conditions affecting the baby. This will enable the mother and her doctors to make informed decisions about further testing or actions. #### What are maternal health concerns during pregnancy? Major maternal health problems can [lead](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lead/) to serious illness or death for both mother and baby. Complications can include excessive blood loss during labour, infections, [anaemia](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/anaemia/), high blood pressure ([hypertension](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hypertension/)), obstructed labour, and heart disease. Maternal mental health is also an important consideration. Pregnancy and childbirth are different for every woman. Access to the right healthcare before, during and after pregnancy will reduce the risk of complications. #### – Before pregnancy Medical history and pre-existing conditions: The healthcare team should be made aware of any medical conditions, medications, or family history that may affect the mother’s health, or the unborn baby’s health during pregnancy. #### – During pregnancy The mother should attend all recommended check-ups and screenings. The maternal health team will monitor and treat pregnancy-related health issues including [anaemia](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/anaemia/), urinary tract infections, [hypertension](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hypertension/), [gestational diabetes](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/gestational-diabetes/), mental health conditions, excess weight gain, infections, [hyperemesis gravidarum](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hyperemesis-gravidarum/) (severe and persistent vomiting). #### – After pregnancy The postpartum period usually refers to the first six weeks after childbirth. While there’s (understandably) lots of focus on the new arrival, postpartum health is just as important: * Physical recovery: Allow time for physical recovery from a vaginal birth or C-section. Mothers should prepare for perineal pain, vaginal bleeding (lochia) and uterine [contractions](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/contraction/). * Postpartum or postnatal depression: Take care of emotional health. It’s normal to experience the ‘baby blues’ when hormones dip a few days after giving birth. Prolonged low moods and feelings of helplessness should be raised with the healthcare team. * Rest is best: Try to sleep or rest when the baby sleeps. Rest will help with recovery. * Eat regularly: Eat regular, healthy meals. What a mother eats, her baby eats. * Hydrate: Drink water, lots of it. Hydration will aid milk supply. * Feeding routines: Get support establishing feeding routines, whether breast-feeding or bottle-feeding. * Physical exertion: Avoid heavy lifting for the first 4 to 6 weeks after delivery and especially after a C-section. Exercise should be gentle walks with the baby. Try not to do any physically demanding activities (no running up and down the stairs and definitely no gym sessions!). * Vitamins: Continue taking antenatal vitamins #### What are postpartum complications? Postpartum complications to be aware of include mastitis, postnatal depression, excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) after giving birth, infection or sepsis, [hypertension](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hypertension/), pulmonary [embolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/embolism/), cardiomyopathy, and cardiovascular disease. Postpartum mothers should be counselled to recognise the signs and symptoms of a problem. Contact a doctor at once at any sign of high fever, flu-like symptoms, a red and swollen breast, a headache that doesn’t improve with medication, chest pain, shortness of breath, seizures, bleeding through one maternity pad in an hour, and a red or swollen leg painful to touch. #### What happens at a postpartum check-up? Postpartum maternal checks are about the mother’s health. At your postpartum check-ups your doctor will check your abdomen, [vagina](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vagina/), [cervix](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cervix/), and [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/) to make sure you are healing well. They will talk to you about when it is safe to have sex again and birth control (remember that even if you don’t have your periods while you breastfeed you can still become pregnant). And your doctor will also talk to you about your emotional health, whether you are getting enough rest, eating well and how you are bonding with your baby. Use these check-ups to raise any concerns you might have with your recovery and emotional wellbeing. #### Getting started with Nabta Health Nabta’s marketplace and resources are designed to support mothers at every stage of their maternal health journey. From at-home tests to prenatal courses; on-demand Doulas to hypnobirthing courses; maternity pads to nursing bras; prenatal yoga to postpartum care packages… Nabta’s team of healthcare and wellness experts has carefully selected products to meet a woman’s maternal health needs.
 Deciding you want to become pregnant and have a baby can be an incredibly exciting and overwhelming time. Fertility can be affected by many factors and there are ways to increase your chances of conceiving naturally. However, for some trying for a baby may not go as hoped or planned, and they might need further medical assistance to conceive. Wherever you are on your fertility journey, [Nabta Health](https://nabtahealth.com/shop/collections/stage/fertility/) will support you with resources, knowledge, and access to experts. #### How can I increase my chances of getting pregnant naturally? First things first. There are lifestyle steps you can take in the months before you start trying for a baby to prepare your body for conception. * Take **prenatal vitamins**: To ensure your body is nutritionally strong, with all the minerals and vitamins you need for strong fetal development, start taking prenatal vitamins with folic acid at least three months before you try to conceive. * Follow a **balanced diet**: Boost your health with a varied diet covering all food groups. Avoid refined sugars, saturated fats and too much salt. * Maintain a **healthy weight**: Being underweight or overweight can impact fertility. * **Exercise** regularly: Exercise that builds strength, endurance and muscle tone will help your body stay healthy and strong during pregnancy and labour. * Get lots of **rest** and **sleep**: Sleep patterns can affect hormones. Stick to a regular 7-8 hours sleep routine as you prepare your body to conceive. * **Reduce stress**: High stress levels are linked with difficulties getting pregnant. Give yourself a break when you can and take the pressure off. If you’re feeling frazzled, try taking up yoga and practice mindfulness. * **Stop smoking** and **quit drugs**. Limit **alcohol** intake and cut back on **caffeine**. * **Come off contraception**: If you’re on hormonal contraception (the pill, [IUD](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/iud/), patch, ring implant) it can take some months for your body to readjust and your cycles to return to your personal ‘normal’. Of course, this doesn’t apply if you use condoms or a diaphragm for contraception as they simply act as a barrier to conceiving. * Get a **well-woman health check**: Consider getting a full medical, including a check-up for any sexually transmitted infections (STIs). While this is by no means essential, your healthcare team will help you manage any potential red flags, family medical history or underlying health conditions that could af you getting pregnant naturally or having a healthy pregnancy. #### How do women become pregnant? The traditional way for heterosexual couples to get pregnant is through unprotected sexual intercourse. Pregnancy is a question of timing (among other individual factors). Heterosexual couples who want to get pregnant will need to time sex with [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/). The man’s [sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/) must meet and fertilise the egg at the right time. Knowing her fertile window and timing intercourse with [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/) is one of the most important factors in increasing a woman’s chances of conceiving. #### What is [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/)? The [ovaries](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovaries/) release the egg once every cycle, during [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/). That egg travels down the [fallopian tubes](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/fallopian-tube/) and waits to be fertilised by a [sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/). The egg can wait for 12-24 hours for a [sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/) to successfully push through its outer surface. [Sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/) can live inside the female reproductive tract for 3-5 days waiting to fertilise an egg. All being good the fertilised egg makes its way to the [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/) (womb) and implants in the uterine lining. #### How do I know when I’m ovulating? Women typically ovulate around 12 to 14 days before their next period. If you have regular periods (the average menstrual cycle is 28 days but it’s normal for women’s cycles to be anywhere from 21 to 40 days) you can count back from the first day of when you would expect your next period. Fertility experts recommend having sex at least every other day in the [lead](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lead/)\-up to [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/). [Sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/) can survive for several days in the female reproductive tract but once you’ve ovulated your egg has a 12-24 window for fertilisation so for the best chances of conception have enough sex in the time leading up to that brief window. #### What is fertility awareness and natural family planning? Fertility awareness methods (FAMs), also known as natural family planning, is used by women both as a method of contraception and to predict when they are most likely to conceive. Women can monitor several physiological cues alongside tracking menstrual cycle length to determine when they are most fertile: * Checking **cervical mucous**: Understanding how your cervical mucous changes during your cycle. As you near [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/) you’ll notice your discharge becomes clear, stretchy, and wet, with the consistency of raw egg whites. This is known as fertile quality mucous and you are now at your most fertile. * Charting your **basal body temperature (BBT)**: There is a small rise in body temperature after [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/). Measuring your BBT can help you predict the exact point of [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/). Women with regular periods can measure BBT for 3-4 cycles to gain a fairly accurate prediction of when they are most fertile * Monitoring cervical mucous and BBT are non-invasive, easily accessible methods to track fertility. Using these two approaches together is known as the symptothermal method. Other methods for tracking [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/) include: * **Calendar method**: This works by recording menstrual cycles on a calendar for 6-12 months and calculating fertile periods. It is most effective as a fertility predictor when combined with cervical mucous and BBT methods. * **[Ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/) predictor kits**: Over the counter [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/) kits work in a similar way to at-home pregnancy tests. The woman pees on a stick measuring luteinizing hormone and a surge in this hormone indicates [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/). However, it doesn’t prove an egg has been released and a woman can have the hormone surge but fail to ovulate. * **Period tracker apps**: Smartphone [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/) tracker apps, like [OvuSense](https://nabtahealth.com/product/fertility-cycle-monitoring-with-ovusense/), monitor menstrual cycles and predict fertility. If you do choose to use a smartphone tracker app, be sure to read the small print for data collection policies. Fertility awareness, knowing and understanding your body and its menstrual cycles, helps lots of couples to conceive. However, getting pregnant isn’t always as simple as knowing your body and having lots of ‘baby making sex’. Some women want children but either cannot conceive naturally or keep miscarrying. And obviously, there are different considerations for women who have irregular periods due to [endometriosis](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/endometriosis/) or [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/), those whose fertility is affected by illness or genetic history, and people who are single, transgender, or in same-sex relationships. #### What affects female fertility? Egg numbers and quality start to decline after 35, increasing the risk of age-related [infertility](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/infertility/). The risk of pregnancy-related complications also increases with age. Underlying health issues, [endometriosis](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/endometriosis/), uterine [polyps](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/polyps/) or [fibroids](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/fibroids/), polycystic ovarian syndrome ([PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/)), problems with the [fallopian tubes](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/fallopian-tube/), and ovulatory problems can all affect fertility. #### What affects male fertility? Male fertility problems can be caused by low [sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/) count, poor quality [sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/), or blockages preventing [sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/) moving through the reproductive tract. [Sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/) can be vulnerable to lifestyle and environmental factors including raised body temperature, weight gain, exposure to toxins, smoking, heavy alcohol intake and drug use. #### What if I can’t get pregnant naturally? Doctors define [infertility](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/infertility/) as the inability to conceive after one year or longer of regular unprotected sex. If you are a woman in a heterosexual relationship and struggling to conceive using fertility awareness and natural family planning methods, both you and your partner should seek a medical and physical evaluation. In some situations, if a woman is 35 years or older, doctors may decide to investigate and treat [infertility](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/infertility/) after 6 months of unprotected intercourse. #### Fertility testing for women Testing will depend on individual health and medical history, but typically initial testing will include **routine blood work to** check for: * Anti-Müllerian Hormone ([AMH](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/amh/)): Ovarian reserve test to estimate how many eggs a woman has. * Follicle-Stimulating Hormone ([FSH](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/fsh/)): Hormone stimulates the follicle producing the eggs. * Luteinizing Hormone ([LH](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lh/)): Responsible for follicle production and egg maturation. * [Prolactin](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/prolactin/) (PRL): Hormone released from anterior pituitary gland, raised during pregnancy in preparation for breastfeeding, and in women with infrequent periods. * Thyrotrophin ([TSH](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/tsh/)): Can indicate an underactive thyroid, linked with irregular periods. * [Estradiol](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/estradiol/): A form of estrogen, the test measures ovarian function and egg quality. * Androgen: High levels can prevent the [ovaries](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovaries/) from releasing an egg and may indicate polycystic ovarian syndrome ([PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/)). * A **Vaginal ultrasound** will check: 1. Reproductive organ health. 2. [Ovaries](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovaries/) for cysts, [fibroids](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/fibroids/), [polyps](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/polyps/), [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/), [endometriosis](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/endometriosis/), or any abnormalities. 3. Egg reserve. Sometimes an **X-ray** is also carried out: Hysterosalpingography (HSG): Examines inside of the [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/) (womb) and [fallopian tubes](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/fallopian-tube/) for blockages or anything that might be stopping the [sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/) from reaching the egg. #### Fertility testing for men Blood work for men will check hormone levels and scan for certain infections or a possible genetic cause for [infertility](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/infertility/). A doctor may request a [sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/) sample to assess [sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/) count, shape and movement, and a scrotal ultrasound to check if there are any problems or blockages in the testicles preventing [sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/) getting into a man’s ejaculate. #### Fertility treatment options Each person’s fertility scenario is unique, and any recommended [infertility](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/infertility/) treatment will depend on an individual’s own health and medical history. A woman with a blocked fallopian tube or a man who isn’t producing [sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/) will be offered procedures to remove the blockage, repair damage or retrieve [sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/), before trying other fertility treatments. If appropriate, fertility specialists will often recommend that women start with **clomid**, a **prescribed oral medication for [infertility](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/infertility/)**. This is also the preferred approach for women with hormonal conditions such as polycystic ovarian syndrome ([PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/)). Clomid works by stimulating an increase in the levels of follicle-stimulating hormones, initiating [ovulation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ovulation/) and increasing the odds of pregnancy. For some women this approach is combined with **intrauterine insemination (IUI)**, in which the male partner’s or donor’s [sperm](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/sperm/) is inserted directly into the [uterus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/uterus/) to increase the probabilities of conception. If that approach doesn’t work, or if it’s clear from a woman’s medical history it won’t work, the next step would be treatments such as **in vitro fertilisation ([IVF](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ivf/))**. [IVF](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ivf/) involves retrieving eggs from a woman’s body, fertilising the eggs in a laboratory, and transferring the resulting embryo back into her body. The process is lengthy, invasive, and expensive and can take an emotional toll. However, for many women who want children it is their only option. Fertility treatments vary depending on a woman or couple’s situation. People who are single, in same-sex relationships or transgender will have their own fertility journeys and in these cases a woman’s age and fertility status still plays a role. Fertility experts will offer the necessary support and advice for each individual scenario. #### Getting started on your fertility journey with Nabta Health Whatever your personal situation, whether you’re thinking about starting a family, having another child, or you’ve been trying for years without success, [Nabta Health](https://nabtahealth.com/shop/collections/stage/fertility/) will support you on your fertility journey. From health and lifestyle tips for pre-conception and [PCOS](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/pcos/), to relationship coaching, pregnancy wellness products, and at-home vitamin, thyroid, and fertility testing, Nabta’s fertility marketplace and knowledge resources are designed to accompany you through each stage from pre-conception to birth.
* High [cortisol](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cortisol/) levels can [lead](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lead/) to metabolic syndrome. * [Cortisol](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cortisol/) is known as the ‘stress hormone’. * [Cortisol](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cortisol/) is linked with higher risk for developing components of metabolic syndrome. * Metabolic syndrome is a collection of symptoms that increase risk of several chronic health conditions. * You can manage your [cortisol](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cortisol/) levels by following a healthy lifestyle. #### What is metabolic syndrome? Metabolic syndrome is a combination of conditions that together raise a person’s risk for heart disease, diabetes, stroke and other chronic health issues. The five components of [metabolic syndrome](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/what-controls-metabolism/) are: high blood pressure; [insulin resistance](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/insulin-resistance/); low [HDL](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hdl/) (good) [cholesterol](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cholesterol/); high [triglycerides](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/triglycerides/); and being overweight around your middle (abdominal obesity). A person is diagnosed as having metabolic syndrome when they have three or more of these components. #### Why is [cortisol](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cortisol/) important? Known as the ‘stress hormone’, [cortisol](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cortisol/) is a glucocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal (suprarenal) glands, part of the body’s endocrine system. For optimal levels of [cortisol](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cortisol/) your [](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22187-cortisol)[hypothalamus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hypothalamus/), pituitary gland and adrenal glands must all work together. [Cortisol](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cortisol/) gets its ‘stress hormone’ reputation for its role in regulating our body’s stress response. What many of us don’t realise is the part [cortisol](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cortisol/) plays in maintaining functions in nearly every organ in the body. [Cortisol](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cortisol/) balance is essential for our body’s healthy functioning. When released into the bloodstream [cortisol](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cortisol/) acts on different parts of body and helps: · [stimulate fat and carbohydrate](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3602916/) [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/) and regulate [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/) of glucose · control blood pressure · manage immune system functions · reduce [inflammation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/inflammation/) · control the body’s response to stress or danger. [Cortisol](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cortisol/) release is also linked with our [circadian rhythm](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22187-cortisol) (sleep/wake cycles). Normal blood [cortisol](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cortisol/) levels follow a diurnal rhythm; [cortisol](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cortisol/) levels fluctuate during the day and in a diurnal rhythm are typically higher when we wake up and lower before we go to sleep. #### [Cortisol](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cortisol/) is associated with components of metabolic syndrome [Studies show](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3124722/) that there is a relationship between increased risk of metabolic imbalance and related health issues, and elevated levels of [cortisol](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cortisol/): · [Cortisol](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cortisol/) triggers the release of glucose into the bloodstream. Consistently high [cortisol](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cortisol/) levels can [lead](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lead/) to high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) which in turn can [lead](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lead/) to type 2 diabetes. · Raised levels of [cortisol](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cortisol/) in the body can cause [hypertension](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hypertension/) (high blood pressure) and an increase in [LDL](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ldl/) (bad [cholesterol](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cholesterol/)), both risk factors in cardiovascular disease. · [Cortisol](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cortisol/) regulates appetite and cravings and there is a direct relationship between abdominal weight gain and high [cortisol](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cortisol/) levels. Other disorders are related to the adrenal glands not functioning properly including [Cushing syndrome](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cushing-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20351310), [Addison’s disease](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/addisons-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350293), [Congenital](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355205) [adrenal hyperplasia](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/adrenal-hyperplasia/) and [Conn’s syndrome](https://www.urologyhealth.org/urology-a-z/c/conns-syndrome). #### How can you manage your [cortisol](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cortisol/) levels? Persistent high levels of [cortisol](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cortisol/), caused by constant stress and negative lifestyle factors, can be harmful to our health and in some cases can [lead](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lead/) to metabolic syndrome. You can take steps to manage your stress levels by following a healthy lifestyle – getting sufficient sleep, regular exercise and eating a diet high in whole and plant foods. In some cases, your doctor may decide to prescribe synthetic corticosteroids such as prednisone, hydrocortisone or dexamethasone to help manage your [cortisol](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cortisol/) levels. \_\_\_ If you are concerned you may have issues with your [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/), get tested in the privacy of your own home by ordering a blood test [here](https://nabtahealth.com/product/metabolism-test/). Nabta is reshaping women’s healthcare. We support women with their personal health journeys, from everyday wellbeing to the uniquely female experiences of fertility, pregnancy, and [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/). You can track your menstrual cycle and get [personalised support by using the Nabta app.](https://nabtahealth.com/our-platform/nabta-app/) [Get in touch](/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#0d283f3d746c61616c4d636c6f796c65686c617965236e6260) if you have any questions about this article or any aspect of women’s health. We’re here for you.
* There are many factors that control [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/). * Each person’s [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/) is influenced by their genes, age, illness, medications and stress. * [Metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/) is the process by which our body converts the food and drink we consume into energy. * [Metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/) is controlled by our endocrine system, which produces and releases hormones. * Imbalances in hypothalamic and pancreatic regulation of [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/) can [lead](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lead/) to increased risk for metabolic disorders such as [diabetes type 2.](https://nabtahealth.com/articles/the-diabetes-epidemic-and-why-it-is-killing-the-middle-east/) It’s tempting to dismiss or blame [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/) as being about fast or slow, weight gain or loss. The truth is [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/) lies at the core of our body’s healthy functioning. Our bodies need metabolic processes to sustain life. [Metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/) keeps us alive. #### What is [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/)? [Metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/) is the internal process by which our body converts the food and drink we consume into energy. This energy is stored and released as needed for use in cells. [Metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/) is at the root of all work in our cells and enables other essential chemical reactions to happen. Without these chemical processes we can’t breathe, circulate blood, build and repair cells and everything else our bodies require to survive. #### So how does [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/) work? [Metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/) is a balancing act between anabolism and catabolism. Our digestive enzymes turn carbohydrates into simple sugars like glucose, fats into fatty acids, and proteins into amino acids. These nutrients are absorbed in the blood and carried through our body to cells, where they are metabolized in two finely balanced chemical processes. Catabolism is the breakdown of nutrients and the release of energy. Anabolism uses that energy for bodily processes, growth and maintenance. #### What controls [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/)? The whole process of [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/) is controlled by our endocrine system, a network of glands all over the body which produce and release hormones. Those hormones in turn manage most functions in our bodies, including our [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/), reproduction, growth and development, energy levels, emotions, response to injury, stress, sexual function, and sleep. It’s a finely tuned process. Sometimes glands produce too much or not enough of a hormone. This can [lead](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lead/) to imbalance and health problems such as weight gain, high blood pressure, changes in mood and sleep. Many external and internal factors affect how our bodies create and release hormones. Age, medications, illness and stress can all cause hormonal imbalance. The hormones that regulate your [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/), your body’s ability to break down food and create energy, are produced by your thyroid, adrenal gland, [hypothalamus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hypothalamus/) and pancreas. Each plays a different and complementary role in controlling and influencing your body’s metabolic health. #### How is the thyroid important for [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/)? The **Thyroid** is vital in [regulating the metabolic processes needed for healthy growth and development, as well as regulating the body’s](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4044302/) [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/). The thyroid [uses iodine from the food you consume](https://www.endocrine.org/patient-engagement/endocrine-library/hormones-and-endocrine-function) to produce its two primary hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These are stored and secreted as needed. The link between a [healthy functioning thyroid, body weight and energy expenditure](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4044302/) is well established. [Hypothyroidism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hypothyroidism/) (underactive thyroid) is when the [thyroid gland](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/thyroid-gland/) doesn’t release enough hormones and [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/) slows down, affecting the entire body. This is often linked with autoimmune condition [Hashimoto’s disease](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/thyroiditis/) which is an [inflammation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/inflammation/) of the [thyroid gland](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/thyroid-gland/). Symptoms of [hyperthyroidism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hyperthyroidism/) in women include [unusual weight gain, muscle weakness and pain, fatigue, thinning hair and](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20350284) [constipation](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/constipation/). In [hyperthyroidism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hyperthyroidism/) (overactive thyroid) overproduction of hormones can [lead](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lead/) to accelerated [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/) causing unintentional weight loss, [changes in menstrual patterns, more frequent bowel movements, sweating, tachycardia (rapid heartbeat),](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperthyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20373659) [arrhythmia](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/arrhythmia/) (irregular heartbeat), anxiety, hair thinning and can cause [Grave’s disease](https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/graves-disease). #### How does the adrenal gland regulate [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/)? **Adrenal or suprarenal glands** sit on top of your kidneys. Adrenals produce and release [cortisol](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cortisol/) (steroid) hormones and epinephrine ([adrenaline](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/adrenaline/)) that help regulate your [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/), immune system, blood pressure and maintain your response to stress. Among other important functions, [](https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/adrenal-glands)[cortisol](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cortisol/) helps control the body’s use of fats, proteins and carbohydrates, regulates blood pressure and increases blood sugar. Disorders related to the adrenal glands not functioning properly include [Cushing syndrome](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cushing-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20351310), [Addison’s disease](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/addisons-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350293), [Congenital](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355205) [adrenal hyperplasia](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/adrenal-hyperplasia/) and [Conn’s syndrome](https://www.urologyhealth.org/urology-a-z/c/conns-syndrome). #### Hypothalamic regulation of [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/) Studies are increasingly demonstrating that the **[hypothalamus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hypothalamus/)** is critical in coordinating [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/) and central to energy balance. The [hypothalamus](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hypothalamus/) region of the brain regulates [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/) by controlling food intake, energy storage and release [“through the ability of neurons to sense, integrate, and respond to numerous metabolic signals.”](https://academic.oup.com/endo/article/159/10/3596/5091402) #### How does the pancreas control [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/)? The two glands in the **pancreas** are crucial to [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/) regulation, playing a key role in nutrient digestion and blood sugar control. The endocrine gland makes hormones that manage blood sugar levels; insulin lowers blood sugar and glucagon raises blood sugar levels. The exocrine gland [secretes digestive enzymes crucial for breaking down carbohydrates, fats, proteins and acids in the duodenum](https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/the-pancreas). Imbalances in both hypothalamic and pancreatic regulation of [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/) can [lead](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/lead/) to increased risk for metabolic disorders such as diabetes type 2. #### What are inherited metabolic disorders? Inherited metabolic disorders are rare genetic conditions that cause a person’s [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/) to not work properly from birth. Typically caused by a family history of inherited genetic disorders or by gene changes causing a deficiency in hormones or enzymes needed for the digestion process. These deficiencies cause abnormal chemical reactions that keep the body’s [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/) from working properly, with the processes that convert food into energy and remove waste and toxins from the body compromised. Doctors have identified many different and rare disorders, each of which has varying symptoms and treatment options. #### Why is it important to understand [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/)? Knowing how [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/) is controlled by your body’s endocrine system, and that each person’s [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/) is also influenced by their genes, age, illness, medications and stress, can help you have a better understanding of your body. Whenever you have weight changes (gain or loss) you can’t explain you should talk to your doctor, especially if accompanied by other possible symptoms of [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/) imbalance. Your doctor will run tests and advise you of treatment options and medications are available to regulate hormones. And a healthy lifestyle – staying active, eating a healthy diet and getting lots of sleep – will always have a positive impact on weight and energy levels. \_\_\_ If you are concerned you may have issues with your [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/), get tested in the privacy of your own home by ordering a blood test [here](https://nabtahealth.com/product/metabolism-test/). Nabta is reshaping women’s healthcare. We support women with their personal health journeys, from everyday wellbeing to the uniquely female experiences of fertility, pregnancy, and [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/). You can track your menstrual cycle and get [personalised support by using the Nabta app.](https://nabtahealth.com/our-platform/nabta-app/) [Get in touch](/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#0b2e393b726a67676a4b656a697f6a636e6a677f6325686466) if you have any questions about this article or any aspect of women’s health. We’re here for you.
* There are links between [vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) and [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/). * [Vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) has therapeutic potential with metabolic conditions. * Check your [Vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) levels to understand if you need to increase your [Vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) intake. #### What is the link between [Vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) and [Metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/)? [Vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/)’s credentials as a sunshine vitamin are well chronicled. As a calcium-regulating hormone, [vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) is vital for bone, muscle and dental health. It’s also no secret there are strong links between [vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) and a healthy immune system. Less well known is [vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/)’s link with metabolic syndrome. In recent years, studies have shown that [vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) deficiency is linked with metabolic syndrome risk and doctors increasingly believe that the sunshine vitamin has therapeutic potential in some conditions associated with metabolic illness. #### What is metabolic syndrome? Metabolic syndrome is the name given to the risk factors that increase a person’s probability of developing serious health conditions such as type 2 diabetes, high [LDL](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/ldl/) (bad) [cholesterol](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cholesterol/), cardiovascular disease and obesity. A growing global crisis, in recent decades metabolic syndrome has become [the most common health challenge worldwide, crossing the barriers of age, sex, and ethnicity](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6513299/#:~:text=Low%20serum%20vitamin%20D%20has,linked%20with%20metabolic%20syndrome%20risk) Metabolic syndrome is typically diagnosed when an individual has [three or more out of five criteria](https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/metabolic-syndrome/about-metabolic-syndrome): high blood pressure; high blood sugar levels; low [HDL](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hdl/) (good) [cholesterol](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/cholesterol/); raised [triglycerides](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/triglycerides/); and increased waist circumference or ‘apple-shaped’ body. #### How can [vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) help with metabolic syndrome? Individuals clinically diagnosed with metabolic syndrome tend to also present with [vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) deficiency, with studies showing a [significant link between](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6513299/#:~:text=Low%20serum%20vitamin%20D%20has,linked%20with%20metabolic%20syndrome%20risk) [vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) deficiency and certain metabolic syndrome risk factors. Low levels of [vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) have been associated with chronic metabolic conditions including obesity, diabetes, [insulin resistance](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/insulin-resistance/), and cardiovascular diseases including [hypertension](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/hypertension/). Customary clinical management of metabolic syndrome is to reduce the five risk components with lifestyle changes and therapeutic treatment. And [randomised clinical trials](https://www.cureus.com/articles/65223-relationship-and-effects-of-vitamin-d-on-metabolic-syndrome-a-systematic-review) suggest that [vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) supplementation (its dietary forms are vitamin D2 and D3) has a positive impact on abdominal obesity, blood pressure, and blood sugar [metabolism](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/metabolism/). #### How much [vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) is enough? If you have any of the risk criteria for metabolic syndrome talk to your doctor who will check your [vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) levels and advise on appropriate [vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) supplementation. Even without the components of metabolic syndrome, [vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) deficiency is worryingly common worldwide. Many people may not be meeting [the minimum daily requirement for](https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/vitamin-d/) [vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/), particularly populations living in parts of the world where sunlight is limited for part of the year. It can also be difficult to consume enough [vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/)\-rich foods to maintain adequate levels. And the last 24 months of rolling global lockdowns due to the Covid 19 pandemic seems likely to have worsened this issue. For this reason the UK’s [NHS](https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/vitamin-d/) recommends that people consider taking a [vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) supplement during the autumn and winter season. If you are concerned about your [vitamin D](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/vitamin-d/) levels why not order an at-home test from [Nabta Health](https://nabtahealth.com/product/vitamin-d-test/). — Nabta is reshaping women’s healthcare. We support women with their personal health journeys, from everyday wellbeing to the uniquely female experiences of fertility, pregnancy, and [menopause](https://nabtahealth.com/glossary/menopause/). You can track your menstrual cycle and get [personalised support by using the Nabta app.](https://nabtahealth.com/our-platform/nabta-app/) Get in touch if you have any questions about this article or any aspect of women’s health. We’re here for you.
